List of pre-scientific substances
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Alchemical studies produced a number of substances, which were later classified as particular chemical compounds or mixtures of compounds.
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- Butter of Antimony - antimony trichloride. formed by distilling roasted stibnite with corrosive sublimate, or dissolving stibnite in hot concentrated hydrochloric acid and distilling.
- Cadmia/Tuttia/Tutty - probably zinc carbonate.
- Calamine - zinc carbonate.
- Calomel/horn quicksilver/horn mercury - mercury(I) chloride, a very poisonous purgative formed by subliming a mixture of mercuric chloride and metallic mercury, triturated in a mortar and heated in a iron pot. The crust formed on the lid was ground to powder and boiled with water to remove the calomel.
- Caustic Potash/Caustic Wood Alkali - potassium hydroxide, formed by adding lime to potash.
- Caustic Soda/Caustic Marine Alkali - sodium hydroxide, formed by adding lime to natron.
- Caustic Volatile Alkali - ammonium hydroxide.
- Chalk - a mineral; calcium carbonate.
- Chrome green - chromic oxide and cobalt oxide.
- Chrome orange - chrome yellow and chrome red.
- Chrome red - basic lead chromate - PbCrO4+PbO.
- Chrome yellow/Paris Yellow/Leipzig Yellow - lead chromate - PbCrO4.
- Cinnabar/Vermilion - refers to several substances, among them: mercury (II) sulfide (HgS), or native vermilion (the common ore of mercury).
- Copper glance - copper(I) sulfide ore.
- Corrosive sublimate - mercuric chloride, formed by subliming mercury, calcined green vitriol, common salt and nitre.
- Cuprite - copper(I) oxide ore.
- Dutch White - a pigment, formed from one part of white lead to three of barium sulphate.
- Flowers of antimony
- Fool's gold - A mineral; iron disulfide or pyrite, can form oil of vitriol on contact with water and air.
- Fulminating silver - silver nitride, formed by dissolving silver(I) oxide in ammonia. Very explosive when dry
- Fulminating gold - gold hydrazide, formed by adding ammonia to the auric hydroxide. When dry, can explode on concussion.
- Galena - lead(II) sulfide. Lead ore.
- Glass of Antimony - impure antimony tetroxide, formed by roasting stibnite. A yellow pigment for glass and porcelain.
- Glauber's Salt - sodium sulfate.
- Green Vitriol - A mineral; iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate. (or ferrous sulphate)
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- Milk of Sulphur (lac sulphuris) - formed by adding an acid to thion hudor.
- Mercurius praecipitatus - red mercuric oxide.
- Mosaic Gold - stannic sulfide, formed by heating a mixture of tin filings, sulphur and sal-ammoniac.
- Natron - sodium carbonate.
- Nitrum Flammans - ammonium nitrate.
- Oil of Vitriol/Spirit of Vitriol - sulphuric acid, a weak version can be formed by heating green vitriol and blue vitriol.
- Orpiment - arsenic trisulfide, an ore of arsenic.
- Pearl white - nitrate of bismuth.
- Philosophers' Wool/nix alba (white snow)/Zinc White - zinc oxide, formed by burning zinc in air, used as a pigment.
- Plumbago - a mineral; graphite, not discovered in pure form until 1564.
- Powder of Algaroth - antimonious oxychloride, formed by precipitation when a solution of butter of antimony and spirit of salt is poured into water.
- Purple of Cassius - formed by precipitating a mixture of gold, stannous and stannic chlorides, with alkali. Used for glass coloring.
- Realgar - arsenic disulfide, an ore of arsenic.
- Regulus of antimony
- Resin of copper - copper(I) chloride (cuprous chloride), formed by heating copper with corrosive sublimate.
- Sal Ammoniac - ammonium chloride.
- Sal Petrae (Med. Latin: "stone salt")/Salt of Petra/Saltpetre/Nitrate of potash - potassium nitrate, typically mined from covered dungheaps.
- Salt/Common Salt - A mineral; sodium chloride, formed by evaporating sea-water (impure form).
- Soda/Soda Ash - sodium carbonate.
- Spirit of box/Pyroxylic Spirit - distillation of wood alcohol.
- Spirit of Hartshorn - ammonia, formed by the decomposition of sal-ammoniac by unslaked lime.
- Spirit of Hartshorn/Sal Volatile - ammonium carbonate formed by distilling bones and horns.
- Spirit of salt/Acidum Salis - The liquid form of hydrochloric acid (also called muriatic acid), formed by mixing common salt with oil of vitriol.
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